One of the many dental issues that people may face is tooth discoloration, which can be quite distressing for many individuals. For those particularly concerned about aesthetics, tooth discoloration can even lead to serious self-confidence problems. Discoloration may be seen in both permanent and baby teeth, usually appearing in shades of brown-black, yellow-orange, or green-gray.
Although sometimes mistaken for decay, discoloration is unrelated to tooth decay. However, this unappealing appearance can cause aesthetic concerns. Therefore, for those sensitive about dental aesthetics, treatment becomes an inevitable option.
Although white is generally accepted as the natural color of teeth, genetic differences may result in some people having different tooth shades. Additionally, factors such as diet, consumption of beverages, smoking, and alcohol use also influence tooth color. Due to various reasons, changes in tooth color can occur over time.
It is advisable for individuals experiencing tooth discoloration to consult a reputable dental clinic and a qualified dentist. If you are suffering from this problem, feel free to contact us and book an appointment right away. Continue reading for more detailed information about tooth discoloration.
What Types of Tooth Discoloration Exist?
Tooth discoloration is not limited to one type. It can be classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic discoloration.
1. Intrinsic Discoloration
This type of discoloration occurs due to internal factors and can be divided into two categories:
Systemic Factors: Discoloration caused by tetracycline (an antibiotic), fluorosis, thalassemia, or porphyria.
Local Factors: Causes include trauma, pulp necrosis, inflammation at the root tips of baby teeth, cavities, and dental materials.
2. Extrinsic Discoloration
This occurs due to external factors. Common causes include:
- Use of cigarettes, tobacco, cigars, or pipes.
- Consumption of fizzy or colored drinks like cola.
- Consumption of tea and coffee.
- Exposure to certain medications or industrial products.
- Prolonged use of mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine.
- Poor oral hygiene.
Why Does Tooth Discoloration Occur?
There are numerous causes of tooth discoloration. Poor oral hygiene is one cause, but there are others as well, such as regular use of medications, iron supplements, or specific dietary habits. Discoloration colors can vary depending on the cause and are generally categorized into:
- Black-brown discoloration
- Gray-green discoloration
- Yellow-orange discoloration
Each of these has different underlying causes, so the treatment and solutions will also vary accordingly.
Black-Brown Tooth Discoloration
This is the most commonly observed type in children. In Turkey, it has been observed in 17% of children aged 5–13, meaning about 1 in 5 school-aged children may have this type of discoloration.
It is caused by the presence of chromogenic bacteria in the mouth. When these bacteria produce chemical compounds that react with iron in saliva or gingival fluid, black-brown discoloration occurs. Iron supplements can increase the likelihood of this condition in children.
This type of staining usually appears near the gums, in a parallel band-like or spotty form. Since the cleansing effect of saliva is less on the upper front teeth, staining is more commonly seen there.
Gray-Green Tooth Discoloration
Often found on the upper front baby teeth, this discoloration appears gray, brown, or green. It is caused by residual tissues on the surface of the tooth during eruption. If the Nasmyth membrane (a covering on newly erupted teeth) is not properly removed, chromogenic bacteria can grow and lead to this type of discoloration.
This type of discoloration is twice as common in boys compared to girls.
Yellow-Orange Tooth Discoloration
This generally occurs near the gums and is most often the result of poor oral hygiene. It can also be seen in children with nutritional deficiencies or poor diets. In such cases, proper nutrition and treatment are required.
Tooth Discoloration in Children
Tooth discoloration in children can occur in both permanent and baby teeth. Discoloration in the front teeth is the most easily noticeable and may concern parents for both aesthetic and health reasons. Moreover, since children may experience a lack of self-confidence due to appearance, this issue can also affect their mental well-being.
The discoloration may appear as brown-black, yellow-orange, or green-gray. Families sometimes mistake this for cavities and panic. However, this is not usually a cause for alarm, as discoloration is not as serious as decay.
Parents should not panic and should consult a dentist. The dentist will determine the true cause and initiate the correct treatment.
How Is Tooth Discoloration Treated?
When facing tooth discoloration, the first step is identifying the root cause. Treatment cannot proceed correctly without this diagnosis. The type and cause of the discoloration will determine the appropriate treatment plan.
Generally, a thorough cleaning with fluoride-containing pastes is performed, a process known as polishing (politure). In some cases, ultrasonic cleaning devices may be used to assist in the removal of stains.
It’s important to remember that the long-term success of treatment depends on maintaining proper oral hygiene. Bacterial growth, which leads to discoloration, can be minimized with consistent oral care. Additionally, your dentist will advise you on how to avoid the underlying causes of discoloration moving forward.
How Can Tooth Discoloration Be Prevented?
Tooth discoloration can be easily prevented with the right steps. The most important measure is to maintain excellent oral hygiene, regardless of circumstances. Poor oral hygiene is a common cause not only of discoloration but many dental issues.
Another critical point is to avoid sharing hygiene tools like toothbrushes with family members, even close ones like siblings or parents. This can lead to bacterial transmission. Also, kissing children on the lips can potentially transmit bacteria and should be avoided.
If the discoloration is due to iron supplements, it’s important to rinse the mouth, use mouthwash, and brush teeth right after taking the supplement. If the problem persists, consult a doctor to see if the supplement can be switched to a different form (e.g., tablets instead of syrup).
Also see: What is Composite Filling? Composite Filling Prices
Frequently Asked Questions About Tooth Discoloration
Why do teeth darken?
Dark brown or black discoloration is usually caused by an overgrowth of chromogenic bacteria, which produce pigments that stain the teeth.
Is a brown stain on the tooth a cavity?
Not necessarily. While it may look like decay, a brown stain could simply be caused by chromogenic bacteria or iron supplements.
What causes brown stains on teeth?
Common causes include frequent consumption of tea or coffee, medication or supplement use, and poor oral hygiene.
How are brown stains on teeth removed?
Proper oral hygiene can significantly improve the appearance of stains. Additionally, dentists can perform professional cleaning treatments to remove them.
What should be done with a discolored tooth?
First, identify the cause. Then, a treatment plan will be formed, often involving deep cleaning with fluoride pastes or in some cases, ultrasonic cleaning.
Is it tooth discoloration or decay?
Although many people worry about decay when they see discoloration, not all discoloration is due to decay.
